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Voluminous flies are of great economic importance because some bloodsuckers are serious pests of humans and other animals. Yet flies are also among the key components in most ecosystems and known advantageous in many ways. The close association of dipteran flies with humans has led them to be recognized as unpleasant and disturbing creatures, and certainly some flies are responsible for millions of illnesses and deaths among human populations. Our world’s score of more than 152,000 described species within more than 130 known families is based primarily on figures extracted from the ‘BioSystematic Database of World Diptera’. Diptera is one of the largest insect orders and quite diverse with its numbers more than 125,000 species worldwide. But, if an insect belongs to Diptera order and word ‘fly’ is included, the name is written as double words (horse fly, black fly, crane fly). When any name is for a group of insects other than Diptera, it is written as single word (mayfly, dragonfly, and stonefly). There is an accepted custom for writing the common names of insects, which have included the word ‘fly’. Many winged insects, such as the butterfly and whitefly, contain the word ‘fly’ in their names, but are not dipterans, and the name is strictly applicable only to members of Diptera. Diptera’s ancestors also have four wings, but in dipteran insects, second pair of wings is evolved into halteres, which are modified balancer organs that give to insect an amazing amount of fine control while flying. This is distinguishing character because other insects have either two pairs of wings or four wings. The name Diptera, is derived from the Greek words ‘ di’meaning two and ‘ ptera’ hereby meaning wings, which refers to the fact that true flies have only a single pair of wings (two wings). The so-called true flies are one of the utmost important groups of insects in the order Diptera. Without doubt, this fragment of book provides the basics for understanding diversity of a major order of insects and is the first such synopsis of its kind for scientists and public alike. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide modern, well-illustrated and easily interpretable information for economic importance, life histories, habits and habitats, lifestyles, diversity, identifying and studying, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, ecological and human services, pests and vectors of diseases, predators and herbivores, pollination and biological control agents, association with carcasses, forensic science, phylogeny and classification of Diptera. During their long evolutionary history, virtually every terrestrial and aquatic niche has been occupied by Diptera, thus making these one of the most successful groups of organisms on earth. The Order Diptera, comprising of two-winged or true flies, is one of the most commonly recognized and widespread insects all over the world.